解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract::Ecological systems have naturally high interannual variance in phenology. Component species have presumably evolved to maintain appropriate phenologies under historical climates, but cases of inappropriate phenology can be expected with climate change. Understanding controls on phenology permits predictions of ecologi...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1789-8
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Increased nitrogen (N) deposition, resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels, production of synthetic fertilizers, growth of N(2)-fixing crops and high-intensity agriculture, is one of the anthropogenic factors most likely to cause global biodiversity changes over the next century. This influence may be especially...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1818-7
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Predation pressure and resource availability often interact in structuring herbivore communities, with their relative influence varying in space and time. The operation of multiple ecological pressures and guild-specific herbivore responses may combine to override simple predictions of how the roles of plant quality a...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1750-x
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Life history theory and empirical studies suggest that large size or earlier metamorphosis are suitable proxies for increased lifetime fitness. Thus, across a gradient of larval habitat quality, individuals with similar phenotypes for these traits should exhibit similar post-metamorphic performance. Here we examine th...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1728-8
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent research has shown that many mutualistic communities display non-random structures. While our understanding of the structural properties of mutualistic communities continues to improve, we know little of the biological variables resulting in them. Mutualistic communities include those formed between ants and ex...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1673-6
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Understanding how communities respond to extreme climatic events is important for predicting the impact of climate change on biodiversity. The plant vigor and stress hypotheses provide a theoretical framework for understanding how arthropods respond to stress, but are rarely tested at the community level. Following a ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1684-3
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The influence of short- and long-term (cohort) effects of climate and density on the life-histories of ungulates in temperate regions may vary with latitude, habitat, and management practices, but the life-histories of ungulates in the Mediterranean region are less well known. This study examined the short- and long-t...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1663-8
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Host use by herbivores is largely determined by host properties such as nutrient content and chemical defence against foragers. The impacts of these attributes on a herbivore may largely depend on its life cycle stage. Lichen species are known to differ in nutritional quality and level of chemical defence and, consequ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1682-5
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Geographic variation in species interactions can have major effects on species distributions and can be important for the resistance of resident communities to invasive species. We tested the hypothesis that coexistence or replacement of a resident North American mosquito Aedes aegypti with the invasive Aedes albopict...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1624-2
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The tendency of mammals to increase or decrease body size with respect to geography or time depends on the abundance, availability, and size of resources. This dependency accounts for a change in mass with respect to geography, including latitude (Bergmann's rule), a desert existence, and life on oceanic islands (the ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1621-5
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation may have multiple effects on both plants and animals and affect plant-herbivore interactions directly and indirectly by inducing changes in host plant quality. In this study, we examined combined effects of UV-B and herbivory on the defence of the mountain birch (Betula pubescen...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1658-5
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Consumers do not always utilize all suitable hosts. Understanding why parasitic plants do not always parasitize potentially suitable hosts requires a better understanding of the constraints that limit host use by parasitic plants. In Texas salt marshes, the parasitic plant Cuscuta indecora rarely parasitizes three hos...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1664-7
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies of nitrogen (N) cycling have traditionally focused on N mineralization as the primary process limiting plant assimilation of N. Recent evidence has shown that plants may assimilate amino acids (AAs) directly, circumventing the mineralization pathway. However, the general abundance of soil AAs and their relativ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1601-9
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The majority of generalisations concerning plant responses to herbivory are based on studies of natural or simulated defoliation. However, effects caused by insects feeding on plant sap are likely to differ from the effects of folivory. We assessed the general patterns and sources of variation in the effects of sap fe...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1633-1
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::No-take marine reserves (NTMRs) provide hope that local carrying capacity may be partially restored if reserves are protected long enough. How long is long enough? We assess the duration of protection required for populations of large predatory reef fish in marine reserves to attain new steady states. We monitored bio...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1692-3
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Leaf-chewing herbivores select food with a protein/carbohydrate ratio of 0.8-1.5, whereas phloem sap, which aphids feed on, has a ratio of approximately 0.1. Enhanced N fertilization increases the amino acid concentration in phloem sap and elevates the N/C ratio. The study examines: (1) whether aphids select between p...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1652-y
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In beech-dominated forests in Central Europe, many spring geophytes show adaptations to seed dispersal by ants (myrmecochory). Ants, however, can be rare in such moist forests. Motivated by observations of slug feeding on seeds we investigated the seed consumption of two plant species, Anemone nemorosa and Asarum euro...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1612-6
更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Body size at metamorphosis is a critical trait in the life history of amphibians. Despite the wide-spread use of amphibians as experimental model organisms, there is a limited understanding of how multiple abiotic and biotic factors affect the variation in metamorphic traits under natural conditions. The aim of our st...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1586-4
更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Characterizing the causes of spatial and temporal variation in parasite-induced mortality under natural conditions is crucial to better understanding the factors driving host population dynamics. Our goal was to quantify this variation in the amphipod Paracalliope novizealandiae, a second intermediate host of the trem...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1593-5
更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Theory on intraguild (IG) predation predicts that coexistence of IG-predators and IG-prey is only possible for a limited set of parameter values, suggesting that IG-predation would not be common in nature. This is in conflict with the observation that IG-predation occurs in many natural systems. One possible explanati...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1605-5
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The spatial context in which seed predation occurs may modify the spatial structure of recruitment generated by seed dispersal. The Janzen-Connell (J-C) model predicts that granivores will exert greater pressure on the parent plant or at those sites where the density of dispersed seeds is higher. We have investigated ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1590-8
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Due to an overlap in the resources used by the flight muscles with the resources used during egg production, it has been hypothesised that an increased dispersal in fragmented landscapes may result in a physiological trade-off between flight and reproduction. In a common garden experiment, we investigated the effects ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1613-5
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Availability of light and water differs between tropical moist and dry forests, with typically higher understorey light levels and lower water availability in the latter. Therefore, growth trajectories of juvenile trees--those that have not attained the canopy--are likely governed by temporal fluctuations in light ava...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1540-5
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Numerous animals have successfully invaded urban habitats, although the factors associated with invasion success remain poorly understood. Urban areas are characterized by warmer microclimates, higher levels of primary productivity, longer breeding seasons and higher levels of pollutants. All these factors should caus...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1525-4
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Numerous mechanisms are proposed to explain why exotic plants successfully invade natural communities. However, the positive effects of native engineers on exotic plant species have received less consideration. We tested whether the nutrient-rich soil patches created by a native ecological engineer (refuse dumps from ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1589-1
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Increasing evidence has shown that nutrients and consumers interact to control primary productivity in natural systems, but how abiotic stress affects this interaction is unclear. Moreover, while herbivores can strongly impact zonation patterns in a variety of systems, there are few examples of this in salt marshes. W...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1504-9
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Seed predation and seed dispersal can have strong effects on early life history stages of plants. These processes have often been studied as individual effects, but the degree to which their relative importance co-varies with seed predator abundance and how this influences seed germination rates is poorly understood. ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1542-3
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Environmental effects on parents can strongly affect the phenotype of their offspring, which alters the heritability of traits and the offspring's responses to the environment. We examined whether P limitation of the aquatic invertebrate, Daphnia magna, alters the responses of its offspring to inadequate P nutrition. ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1517-4
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) is an abundant weed in its native North America, despite supporting a wide range of natural enemies. Here, we tested whether these enemies have significant impacts on the performance of this plant in its native range. We excluded enemies from the three principal life-history st...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1557-9
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many plant species currently exist in fragmented populations of different sizes, while they also experience unpredictable climatic fluctuation over time. However, we still understand little about how plant demography responds to such spatial and temporal environmental variability. We studied population dynamics of an ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1505-8
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The stress-gradient hypothesis (SGH) predicts that the community-wide prevalence of positive interactions, relative to negative interactions, is greater under more severe environmental conditions. Because the frequency of positive and negative interactions within a community is the aggregate of multiple pair-wise inte...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1484-9
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Non-trophic interactions, driven by one species changing the behavior but not density of another species, appear to be as pervasive as those involving consumption. However, ecologists have only begun to explore non-trophic interactions in species-rich communities. We investigated interactions within a community includ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1486-7
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mass loss of litter mixtures is often different than expected based on the mass loss of the component species. We investigated if the identity of neighbour species affects these litter-mixing effects. To achieve this, we compared decomposition rates in monoculture and in all possible two-species combinations of ei...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1454-2
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The life history of freshwater cladocerans such as Daphnia spp. is strongly affected by their environment. Factors such as temperature, food quantity and even the presence or absence of predators influence growth, reproduction and morphology of individuals. Recently, it has also become clear that the quality of the fo...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1452-4
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Herbivores and pathogens with acute host specificity may promote high tree diversity in tropical forests by causing distance- and density-dependent mortality of seedlings, but evidence is scarce. Although Lepidoptera larvae are the most abundant and host-specific guild of herbivores in these forests, their impact upon...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1476-9
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ecosystem water-use efficiency (eWUE; the ratio of net ecosystem productivity to evapotranspiration rate) is a complex landscape-scale parameter controlled by both physical and biological processes occurring in soil and plants. Leaf WUE (lWUE; the ratio of leaf CO(2) assimilation rate to transpiration rate) is control...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1465-z
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Short-term effects of environmental perturbations on various life history traits are reasonably well documented in birds and mammals. But, in the present context of global climate change, there is a need to consider potential long-term effects of natal conditions to better understand and predict the consequences of th...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1482-y
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The duration and amount of water captured on leaves and its functional significance is highly varied. Leaf surface wettability influences water absorption, gas exchange, pathogen infection, nutrient leaching, contamination by pollutants, self-cleaning properties and in freezing environments the probability of extrinsi...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1437-3
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This is the first study to investigate whether scatter-hoarding behavior, a conditional mutualism, can be disrupted by forest fragmentation. We examined whether acouchies (Myoprocta acouchy, Rodentia) and agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina, Rodentia) changed scatter-hoarding behavior toward seeds of Astrocaryum aculeatum (A...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1417-7
更新日期:2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite the potential impact on prey fitness and predator-prey interactions, most studies of predation risk ignore physiological responses and their dependence upon food level and sex. Therefore, we reared male and female larvae of the damselfly Lestes viridis under predator stress (dragonfly larvae) at high and low f...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1401-2
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00